OAK Lab

We study how people learn through practice, and build that science into adaptive learning technology tested at scale — from K-12 and college classrooms to rural Uganda.

Human-Computer Interaction Institute · Carnegie Mellon University

Our Research Publications

Research

Learning Mechanisms

We examine how learners infer abstract rules, regulate their learning, and retain knowledge over time — focusing on practice-based approaches rather than passive instruction.

Intelligent & Adaptive Systems

We develop computational models of learning and AI-driven systems that customize instruction, combining learning science, data analytics, and human-centered design to personalize experiences at scale.

Learning at Scale

We translate research findings into classroom interventions and learning technologies that work across different institutions, languages, and cultural environments.

People

Principal Investigator

Paulo Carvalho

Paulo Carvalho, PhD

Assistant Professor

HCII · Carnegie Mellon University

Email Website Scholar

Research Scientists & Postdocs

Michael Asher

Michael Asher, PhD

Project Scientist

Email Website
Meng Cao

Meng Cao, PhD

Postdoctoral Fellow

Email

PhD Students

Yumou Wei

Yumou (James) Wei

PhD Student

Email
Gillian Gold

Gillian Gold

PhD Student

Email
Phenyo Moletsane

Phenyo Moletsane

PhD Student

Email
Jess Turner

Jess Turner

PhD Student

Email

Undergraduate Research Assistants

Abigail Lo

Abigail Lo

Website
Janessa Guo

Janessa Guo

Katherine Geng

Katherine Geng

Palomi Nihalani

Palomi Nihalani

Alumni

PhD

  • Julia J. Conti (2026) — Postdoctoral Researcher, Carnegie Mellon · Website
  • Napol Rachatasumrit (2025) — Lead AI/Learning Science Researcher, Edsy

Master's (2024–2026)

Jordan Gutterman, Michael Sutton, Canwen Wang, Tingyue Cue, Ryan Nuqui, Pragati Maheshwary

Undergraduate & REU Alumni

Undergrad Research Assistants (2026)

Annie Chen, Sophia Mou, Katherine Geng, Rebecca Sucgang, Nikhil Konkimalla, Maddie Ng, James Ryman

Undergrad Research Assistants (2025)

Helen Peng, Aditi Agni, Dora Chen, Ekin Ozince, Hannah Hayes, Vivianne Lee, Jarret Huang, Sage Rohrbach, Xinfei Cen

Undergrad Research Assistants (2024)

Isha Patel, Jiwoo You, Annie Wang, Emily Jiang

Summer REUs & Interns (2026)

Charlotte Ku, Mariam Syed

Summer REUs & Interns (2025)

Calvin Macatantan, Maylynn Rodriguez, Jacob Tjaden, Joyce Gill, Lin Shi

Summer REUs & Interns (2024)

Julia Fang, Kristina Jenkins

News

Publications

Preprints & Under Review
  • AI-assisted Script Management for Requirements Elicitation Interviews Singal, A., Carvalho, P.F., & Breaux, T. (under review) Preprint
  • Decomposing the doer effect in programming practice: Code writing stands out among active practice Narayanan, A. B. L., Gold, G., Barria-Pineda, J., Wolter, Q. K., Brusilovsky, P., & Carvalho, P. (under review) Preprint
  • Straight-line behavior: conforming to design in a practice environment Gutterman, J., Gold, G., Brusilovsky, P., & Carvalho, P. F. (under review) Preprint
  • Why You Switch Matters: Failure-Triggered Switching Between Different Problem Types is More Related to Programming Performance than General Switching Maheshwary, P., Gold, G., Barria-Pineda, J., Brusilovsky, P., & Carvalho, P. F. (under review) Preprint
  • Errors as signals: generative practice improves programming performance, metacognition, and motivation Gold, G., & Carvalho, P. F. (under review) Preprint
  • Student Learning Rates When Practicing with an Intelligent Tutoring System Versus On Paper Borchers, C., Lyu, Q., Kanchi, R., Koedinger, K. R., Aleven, V., & Carvalho, P. F. (under review) Preprint
  • What Drives Learning During Practice? Contributions of Exposure, Retrieval, and Error Correction Cao, M., Gold, G., & Carvalho, P. F. (under review) Preprint
  • What Should Be Spaced? Variability Constrains Spacing Effects In Classroom Learning Cao, M., Ling, J., Pavlik, P., & Carvalho, P.F. (under review) Preprint
  • Well-calibrated intuitions, flawed judgments: Low post-instruction self-efficacy steers students away from efficient learning Gold, G., Asher, M. W., & Carvalho, P. F. (under review) Preprint
  • What Gets Retrieved? Testing Effects In The Absence Of Prior Study Carvalho, P.F., Asher, M.W., Sana, F. & Koedinger, K. R. (under review) Preprint
  • Uncovering Name-Based Biases in Large Language Models Through Simulated Trust Game Wei, Y., Carvalho, P.F., Stamper, J. (2024) Preprint
2026
  • Balancing Spacing and Repetition for Time-Constrained Learning Cao, M., Yan, V. X., Sana, F., & Carvalho, P.F. (in press) Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition Preprint
  • Self-Efficacy and Favorability Shape Learning from Tutoring Systems and Paper Practice Cen, X., Aleven, V., Koedinger, K.R., Borchers, C., & Carvalho, P.F. (in press) EC-TEL 2026 Preprint
  • Extended Reality in Higher Education: a Systematic Review on Simulation-Based Learning in Algorithm Education Alves, I., Carvalho, P.F., Esteves, A., Jorge, J. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 34(5) Paper PDF
  • Effectiveness and Efficiency of Multimedia Worked Examples vs. Practice with Feedback on Learning Problem Solving Zhang, T., Gok, S., Gold, G., Carvalho, P.F., & Fyfe, E.R. CogSci 2026 Paper
  • What Drives Learning During Practice and Testing? Evidence for Distinct Roles of Exposure and Retrieval Cao, M., Gold, G., & Carvalho, P.F. CogSci 2026 Paper
  • Less Talk, More Code: Practice-Based Instruction Improves Programming Skill Acquisition Gold, G., Tjaden, J., & Carvalho, P.F. CogSci 2026 Preprint
  • AI or human? An open-source SDK and dashboard for detecting outsourced responding Chen, E., Asher, M. W., Gold, G., Chen, W., & Carvalho, P. F. AIED 2026 Paper
  • Investigating the Efficacy of Mastery-Based Tests in Fostering Effective Self-Regulated Learning Behaviors in CS1 Courses Gill, J., Asher, M. W., & Carvalho, P. F. SIGCSE 2026 Paper
  • 10th Educational Data Mining in Computer Science Education (CSEDM) Workshop Shi, Y., Zhang, S., Brusilovsky, P., Price, T., Akram, B., Leinonen, J., Lan, A., Carvalho, P.F., Koedinger, K.R., & Barnes, T. AIED 2026 Paper
  • Small language models for education: Opportunities, challenges, and a shared research agenda Wei, Y., Moore, S., Carvalho, P. F., Stamper, J., Brooks, C., & Liut, M. AIED 2026 Paper
  • Striking the Balance: How Variability Shapes Retrieval Practice and Worked Examples for Transfer Learning Cao, M. & Carvalho, P.F. Educational Psychology Review, 38:71 Paper
  • Evaluating a data-driven redesign process for intelligent tutoring systems Lyu, Q., Borchers, C., Xia, M., Xiao, K., Carvalho, P.F., Koedinger, K.R., Aleven, V. AIED 2026 Paper PDF
  • Benefit or Bottleneck? Assessing the Impact of Structured Reflection on Learning from AI-Driven Explanatory Feedback Asher, M.W., Gold, G., & Carvalho, P.F. L@S 2026 Paper
  • Can Multilingual Environments Promote Scalable EdTech? Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial Moletsane, P.P., Kwon, C., Stamper, J., Ogan, A., & Carvalho, P.F. L@S 2026 Paper
  • AI Knows Best? The Paradox of Expertise, AI-Reliance, and Performance in Educational Tutoring Decision-Making Tasks Chen, E., Li, J., Huang, S., Tang, X., Lin, J., Carvalho, P.F., & Koedinger, K.R. LAK 2026 Paper PDF
  • Active Learning Beyond Borders: PEOE Enhancement of Explanatory Understanding in Japanese Undergraduates Hayashi, Y., Shimojo, S., Carvalho, P.F., & Koedinger, K.R. LAK 2026 Paper PDF
  • Generate-Then-Validate: A Novel Question Generation Approach Using Small Language Models Wei, Y., Stamper, J., & Carvalho, P.F. LAK 2026 Paper PDF
  • Improving Accessibility and Quality of Learning through Multilingual Instruction in EdTech Kwon, C., Moletsane, P.P., Asher, M.W., Ouyang, D., Wang, L., Conejo, D.E., Stamper, J., Carvalho, P.F., & Ogan, A. ICLS 2026 Paper PDF
  • Will they try again? A large-scale RCT on scaffolds that support persistence in an intelligent tutoring system Honorable Mention Asher, M. W., Wei, Y., Reynolds, A. D., Ogan, A., & Carvalho, P. F. CHI 2026 Paper PDF
  • Inclusive mobile learning: How technology-enabled language choice supports multilingual students Moletsane, P. P., Asher, M. W., Kwon, C., Carvalho, P. F., & Ogan, A. CHI 2026 Paper PDF
  • Chatbots Are Undermining Crowdsourced Research in the Behavioral Sciences: Detecting AI-Assisted Cheating with a Keystroke-Based Tool Asher, M. W., Gold, G., Chen, E., & Carvalho, P. F. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 9(1) Paper PDF
  • Conditions for Effective Learning Without Upfront Instruction: How Practice with Feedback Supports Memory, Generalization, Motivation, and Metacognition Asher, M. W., & Carvalho, P. F. Educational Psychology Review, 38(12) Paper PDF
2025
  • Small but Significant: On the Promise of Small Language Models for Accessible AIED Wei, Y., Carvalho, P.F., & Stamper, J. ICCE 2025 Paper PDF
  • Evidence and theory for why the best example-problem ratio to optimize learning gain depends on knowledge content Rachatasumrit, N., Koedinger, K. R., & Carvalho, P. F. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education Paper PDF
  • Capturing Session-to-Session Dynamics of Learning and Forgetting: A Test of Existing Knowledge Tracing Models Schuetze, B.A., Yan, V.X., & Carvalho, P.F. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education Paper PDF
  • KCluster: An LLM-based Clustering Approach to Knowledge Component Discovery Wei, Y., Carvalho, P.F. & Stamper, J. EDM 2025 Paper PDF
  • Validating a New Approach for Measuring Student Engagement in Remote, Low-Infrastructure Learning Environments Best Paper Award Asher, M.W., Kwon, C., Stamper, J., Ogan, A., & Carvalho, P.F. L@S 2025 Paper PDF
  • The Promise of Mastery-Based Testing for Promoting Student Engagement, Self-Regulated Learning, and Performance in Gateway STEM Courses Asher, M. W., Hartman, J. D., Blaser, M., Eichler, J. F., & Carvalho, P. F. Computers & Education, 235 Paper
  • Goal setting engages more caregivers in online math homework than instructional support Borchers, C., Nguyen, H.T., Carvalho, P.F., Koedinger, K.R., & Aleven, V. EC-TEL 2025 Paper PDF
  • Can Motivated Students Do More Activities? Lekshmi-Narayanan, A.B., Asher, M.W., Brusilovsky, P., & Carvalho, P.F. CSEDM Workshop @ EDM 2025 Paper
  • Modeling the Role of Graphical and Textual Complexity in Geometry Problem-Solving Using SEM Farzan, F., Wang, C., Ankney, R.L., & Carvalho, P.F. ICER 2025 Paper PDF
  • Involving parents in tutoring systems to increase content confidence: A design probe study Borchers, C., Nguyen, H.T., Carvalho, P.F., Koedinger, K.R., & Aleven, V. AIED 2025 Paper
  • Student perceptions of adaptive goal setting recommendations: A design prototyping study Borchers, C., Peng, C., Lyu, Q., Carvalho, P.F., Koedinger, K.R., & Aleven, V. AIED 2025 Paper PDF
  • Identifying Effective Praise in Tutoring: Large Language Models with Transparent Explanations Chen, E., Li, J., Huang, S., Xinyi, T., Lin, J., Carvalho, P.F., & Koedinger, K.R. AIED 2025 Paper PDF
  • To Honor or Dishonor Student Choices? The Impact of Self-Regulation on Instructional Methods and Learning Outcomes Gold, G., Asher, M. W, & Carvalho, P. F. CogSci 2025 Paper PDF
  • Optimizing Learning Efficiency: Balancing Spacing and Repetition Under Time Constraints Cao, M., Yan, V.X., Sana, F., & Carvalho, P.F. CogSci 2025 Paper PDF
  • Design futures pedagogy: Does the type of exercise, year of study, order, and number of exercises matter? Scupelli, P., & Carvalho, P. Learn X Design 2025 Paper PDF
  • Does the doer effect generalize to non-WEIRD populations? Toward analytics in radio and phone-based learning Butler, D., Borchers, C., Asher, M., et al. LAK 2025 Paper
  • Practice with Feedback vs. Lecture: Consequences for Learning, Efficiency, and Motivation Asher, M. W., Sana, F., Koedinger, K.R., & Carvalho, P.F. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 14(3) Paper PDF
  • Comparing generating predictions with retrieval practice as learning strategies for primary school children Carvalho, P.F. & Godwin, K. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 31(2) Paper Preprint
2024
  • Students Can Learn More Efficiently When Lectures Are Replaced with Practice Opportunities and Feedback Asher, M. W., Sana, F., Koedinger, K.R., & Carvalho, P.F. CogSci 2024 PDF
  • Beyond Accuracy: Embracing Meaningful Parameters in Educational Data Mining Rachatasumrit, N., Carvalho, P.F., & Koedinger, K. EDM 2024 Paper
  • Beyond repetition: The role of varied questioning and feedback in knowledge generalization Yadav, G., Carvalho, P. F., McLaughlin, E. A., & Koedinger, K. R. L@S 2024 Paper
  • Further Evidence for Regularity in Student Learning Rates Across Demographic, Academic Proficiency, and Motivational Groups Gold, G., Borchers, C., & Carvalho, P.F. LAK 2024 Companion Proceedings Paper
  • An Integrated Platform for Studying Learning with Intelligent Tutoring Systems: CTAT+TutorShop Aleven, V., Borchers, C., Huang, Y., Nagashima, T., McLaren, B., Carvalho, P., Popescu, O., Sewall, J., & Koedinger, K. A/B Testing Workshop @ L@S 2024 Paper
  • No Simple Solutions to Complex Problems: Cognitive Science Principles Can Guide but Not Prescribe Educational Decisions Yan, V. X., Sana, F., & Carvalho, P. F. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences Paper PDF
  • Uncovering Name-Based Biases in Large Language Models Through Simulated Trust Game Wei, Y., Carvalho, P.F., & Stamper, J. arXiv preprint, 2024 Preprint
2023
  • What Makes Problem-Solving Practice Effective? Comparing Paper and AI Tutoring Borchers, C., Carvalho, P.F., Xia, M., Liu, P., Koedinger, K.R., Aleven, V. EC-TEL 2023 Paper PDF
  • Content Matters: A Computational Investigation into the Effectiveness of Retrieval Practice and Worked Examples Best Paper Award Rachatasumrit, N., Carvalho, P.F., Li, S., & Koedinger, K.R. AIED 2023 Paper PDF
  • An Astonishing Regularity in Student Learning Rate Koedinger, K. R., Carvalho, P.F., Liu, R., & McLaughlin, E. A. PNAS, 120(13) Paper
  • How Students' Decisions to Space Their Practice are Related to Better Learning Yan, V., Carvalho, P.F., & Sana, F. In their own words: What scholars want you to know about why and how to apply the science of learning (STP) Chapter
2022 and Earlier
  • Varied practice testing is associated with better learning outcomes in self-regulated online learning Carvalho, P.F., McLaughlin, E.A., & Koedinger, K.R. Journal of Educational Psychology, 114(8), 2022 Paper PDF
  • A computational model of context-dependent encodings during category learning Carvalho, P.F., & Goldstone, R.L. Cognitive Science, 46(4), 2022 Paper PDF
  • On rest-from-deliberate-practice as a mechanism for the spacing effect Sana, F., Yan, V.X., & Carvalho, P.F. Educational Psychology Review, 2022 Paper PDF
  • Generalizability, transferability, and the practice-to-practice gap de Leeuw, J.R., Motz, B.A., Fyfe, E.R., Carvalho, P.F., & Goldstone, R.L. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 45, E11, 2022 Paper
  • Learning depends on knowledge: The benefits of retrieval practice vary for facts and skills Carvalho, P.F., Rachatasumrit, N., & Koedinger, K.R. CogSci 2022 PDF
  • Educational Equity Through Combined Human-AI Personalization: A Propensity Matching Evaluation Chine, D.R., Brentley, C., Thomas-Browne, C., Richey, J.E., Gul, A., Carvalho, P.F., Branstetter, L., & Koedinger, K.R. AIED 2022 PDF
  • ManyClasses 1: Assessing the generalizable effect of immediate versus delayed feedback across many college classes Fyfe, E., de Leeuw, J.R., Carvalho, P.F., Goldstone, R.L., & Motz, B.A. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 4(3), 2021 Paper PDF Data
  • The distributional properties of exemplars affect category learning and generalization Carvalho, P.F., Chen, C., & Yu, C. Scientific Reports, 11, 2021 Paper PDF Data
  • The most efficient sequence of study depends on the type of test Carvalho, P.F., & Goldstone, R.L. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 35(1), 2021 Paper PDF Data
  • Drinking Our Own Champagne: Analyzing the Impact of Learning-by-doing Resources in an E-learning Course Hou, X., Carvalho, P.F., & Koedinger, K.R. LAK 2021 Companion PDF
  • Self-regulated spacing in a massive open online course is related to better learning outcomes Carvalho, P.F., Sana, F., & Yan, V.X. npj Science of Learning, 5(1), 2020 Paper
  • Comprehensive Views of Math Learners: A Case for Modeling and Supporting Non-math Factors in Adaptive Math Software Richey, J.E., Lobczowski, N.G., Carvalho, P.F., & Koedinger, K. AIED 2020 PDF
  • A Preliminary Taxonomy of A/B: Education Experiments with Different Inferences and Scopes Motz, B., Carvalho, P., & Fyfe, E. Educational A/B Testing Workshop @ L@S 2020 PDF
  • When Does Interleaving Practice Improve Learning? Carvalho, P.F., & Goldstone, R.L. Cambridge Handbook of Cognition and Education (pp. 411–436), 2019 Chapter PDF
  • Square it up! How to model step duration when predicting student performance Chounta, I., & Carvalho, P.F. LAK 2019 PDF
  • Comprehension Factor Analysis: Modeling student's reading behaviour Thaker, K., Carvalho, P.F., & Koedinger, K.R. LAK 2019 PDF
  • Sharing and Reusing Data and Analytic Methods with LearnSphere Koedinger, K.R., Stamper, J., & Carvalho, P.F. LAK 2019 Companion
  • Tigris: An Online Workflow Tool for Sharing Educational Data and Analytic Methods Stamper, J., Carvalho, P.F., Moore, S., & Koedinger, K.R. LAK 2019 Companion
  • Not whether, but where: Scaling-up how we think about effects and relationships in natural educational contexts Motz, B.A., & Carvalho, P.F. LAK 2019 Companion
  • Embedding Experiments: Staking Causal Inference in Authentic Educational Contexts Motz, B.A., Carvalho, P.F., de Leeuw, J.R., & Goldstone, R.L. Journal of Learning Analytics, 5(2), 2018 Paper PDF
  • Novel names extend for how long preschool children sample visual information Carvalho, P.F., Vales, C., Fausey, C.M., & Smith, L.B. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 168, 2018 Paper PDF Data
  • Not all Active Learning is Equal: Predicting and Explaining Improves Transfer Relative to Answering Practice Questions Carvalho, P.F., Manke, K.J., & Koedinger, K.R. CogSci 2018 PDF
  • Analyzing the relative learning benefits of completing required activities and optional readings in online courses Carvalho, P.F., Gao, M., Motz, B.A., & Koedinger, K.R. EDM 2018 PDF
  • Will time tell? Exploring the relationship between step duration and student performance Chounta, I.A., & Carvalho, P.F. ICLS 2018 PDF
  • Understanding the Dynamics of Learning: The Case for Studying Interactions Carvalho, P.F. CogSci 2018 PDF
  • The sequence of study changes what information is attended to, encoded and remembered during category learning Carvalho, P.F., & Goldstone, R.L. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 43(11), 2017 Paper PDF Data
  • Zebras and antelopes: category sparsity as the result of the relations between objects and within categories Carvalho, P.F., & Goldstone, R.L. Language, Cognition, and Neuroscience, 32(8), 2017 Paper PDF
  • A Dissociation between Engagement and Learning: Enthusiastic Instructions Fail to Reliably Improve Performance on a Memory Task Motz, B.A., de Leeuw, J.R., Carvalho, P.F., Liang, K.L., & Goldstone, R.L. PLOS ONE, 12(7), 2017 Paper PDF Data
  • Organized Simultaneous Displays Facilitate Learning of Complex Natural Science Categories Meagher, B.J., Carvalho, P.F., Goldstone, R.L., & Nosofsky, R.M. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 24(6), 2017 Paper PDF Data
  • Categorization and Concepts Goldstone, R.L., Kersten, A., & Carvalho, P.F. Stevens' Handbook of Experimental Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, 4th ed., Vol. 3, 2017 PDF
  • Is there an explicit learning bias? Students' beliefs, behaviors and learning outcomes Carvalho, P.F., McLaughlin, E.A., & Koedinger, K.R. CogSci 2017 PDF
  • The most efficient sequence of study depends on the type of test Carvalho, P.F., & Goldstone, R.L. CogSci 2017 PDF
  • An in vivo study of self-regulated study sequencing in Introductory Psychology courses Carvalho, P.F., Braithwaite, D.W., de Leeuw, J.R., Motz, B.A., & Goldstone, R.L. PLOS ONE, 11(3), 2016 Paper PDF Data
  • Variability in category learning: The Effect of Context Change and Item Variation on Knowledge Generalization Finch, D.D., Carvalho, P.F., & Goldstone, R.L. CogSci 2016 PDF
  • Human Perceptual Learning and Categorization Carvalho, P.F., & Goldstone, R.L. The Wiley Handbook on The Cognitive Neuroscience of Learning (pp. 223–248), 2016 PDF
  • The benefits of interleaved and blocked study: Different tasks benefit from different schedules of study Carvalho, P.F., & Goldstone, R.L. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 22(1), 2015 Paper PDF Data
  • What you learn is more than what you see: What can sequencing effects tell us about inductive category learning? Carvalho, P.F., & Goldstone, R.L. Frontiers in Psychology, 6(505), 2015 Paper PDF
  • It does belong together: Cross-modal correspondences influence cross-modal integration during perceptual learning Brunel, L., Carvalho, P.F., & Goldstone, R.L. Frontiers in Psychology, 6(358), 2015 Paper PDF
  • Effectiveness of Learner-Regulated Study Sequence: An in-vivo study in Introductory Psychology courses Carvalho, P.F., Braithwaite, D.W., de Leeuw, J.R., Motz, B.A., & Goldstone, R.L. CogSci 2015 PDF
  • Can You Repeat That? The Effect of Item Repetition on Interleaved and Blocked Study Kost, A.S., Carvalho, P.F., & Goldstone, R.L. CogSci 2015 PDF
  • Putting category learning in order: category structure and temporal arrangement affect the benefit of interleaved over blocked study Carvalho, P.F., & Goldstone, R.L. Memory & Cognition, 42(3), 2014 Paper PDF Data
  • Effects of Interleaved and Blocked Study on Delayed Test of Category Learning Generalization Carvalho, P.F., & Goldstone, R.L. Frontiers in Psychology, 5(936), 2014 Paper PDF Data
  • Similarity-based Ordering of Instances for Efficient Concept Learning Weitnauer, E., Carvalho, P.F., Goldstone, R.L., & Ritter, H. CogSci 2014 PDF
  • How to present exemplars of several categories? Interleave during active learning and block during passive learning Carvalho, P.F., & Goldstone, R.L. CogSci 2013 PDF
  • An eyetracking study of children's relational thinking: The role of labels and sustained attention Carvalho, P.F., Vales, C., Fausey, C.M., & Smith, L.B. CogSci 2013 PDF
  • Grouping by Similarity Helps Concept Learning Weitnauer, E., Carvalho, P.F., Goldstone, R.L., & Ritter, H. CogSci 2013 PDF
  • Concepts and Categorization Goldstone, R.L., Kersten, A., & Carvalho, P.F. Handbook of Psychology, Vol. 4, 2nd ed., 2013 PDF
  • Memory encoding of stimulus features in human perceptual learning Carvalho, P.F., & Albuquerque, P.B. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 24(6), 2012 Paper PDF Data
  • Category structure modulates interleaving and blocking advantage in inductive category acquisition Carvalho, P.F., & Goldstone, R.L. CogSci 2012 PDF
  • Going to Extremes: The influence of unsupervised categories on the mental caricaturization of faces and asymmetries in perceptual discrimination Hendrickson, A.T., Carvalho, P.F., & Goldstone, R.L. CogSci 2012 PDF
  • Sequential similarity and comparison effects in category learning Carvalho, P.F., & Goldstone, R.L. CogSci 2011 PDF

Materials

Keystroke Tracker

Tool · Open Source

A tool to monitor and record user interactions within short-response questions in a Qualtrics survey, used to evaluate typing patterns and identify potential copy/paste activity in behavioral research.

GitHub

Lab Life

Start of semester lunch: Fall 2026!

Congratulations Dr. Conti!

The lab at CogSci 2026!

The lab at the Festival of Learning 2026!

The lab at CHI 2026!

End of semester lunch: Spring 2026!

Lab photo Spring 2026!

The lab at Psychonomics 2025!

Summer 2025 New Lab Space!

Hanging with our 2025REUs

The lab at CogSci 2025!

The lab at EDM 2025 and L@S 2025!

The lab at Psychonomics 2024!

Contact

Get in touch

We are always looking for motivated students and collaborators.

Join the Lab

If you are a prospective student or recent graduate interested in joining the lab, please fill out our application form. Prospective PhD students should apply through the HCII PhD program.

Our lab manual describes our philosophy, procedures, and expectations.

Apply to Join the Lab

Human-Computer Interaction Institute · School of Computer Science
Carnegie Mellon University · Pittsburgh, PA